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Custom Python Merkle Builder

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Custom Python Merkle Tree Builder

In this simulation, we will implement the Merkle Tree algorithm from scratch. We will handle pairing, recursive hashing, and the Duplication Rule for odd transaction counts.

The Python Merkle Builder Script

import hashlib

def hash256(data):
    """Bitcoin's Double-SHA256."""
    first_pass = hashlib.sha256(data).digest()
    return hashlib.sha256(first_pass).digest()

def get_merkle_root(txids):
    """
    Recursively calculates the Merkle Root from a list of TXIDs.
    TXIDs should be in hex format.
    """
    if not txids:
        return None

    # 1. Convert hex TXIDs to bytes (Little-Endian)
    hashes = [bytes.fromhex(tx)[::-1] for tx in txids]

    while len(hashes) > 1:
        # 2. Handle Odd Count (Duplication Rule)
        if len(hashes) % 2 != 0:
            hashes.append(hashes[-1])

        new_level = []
        # 3. Pair and Hash
        for i in range(0, len(hashes), 2):
            # Concatenate pair and hash twice
            combined = hashes[i] + hashes[i+1]
            new_level.append(hash256(combined))

        hashes = new_level

    # 4. Return result as Big-Endian Hex for display
    return hashes[0][::-1].hex()

# --- Simulation ---

# Block 800,000 Sample TXIDs (Simplified)
tx_list = [
    "5231c6298642289c02d645938986a7d5e69e46a9a08e7514a34f4929a0e698a9", # Coinbase
    "f182c62c3f769f36f3323c276f7f2b6e8a4d5e6f7a8b9c0d1e2f3a4b5c6d7e8f", # TX 1
    "d5a4c3b2a1f0e9d8c7b6a594837261504a3b2c1d0e9f8a7b6c5d4e3f2a1b0c9d"  # TX 2 (Odd count!)
]

print(f"--- Calculating Merkle Root for {len(tx_list)} Transactions ---")
root = get_merkle_root(tx_list)

print(f"[*] Generated Merkle Root: {root}")
print(f"[*] Correct Length: {len(root)} chars (32 bytes)")

How to Run the Simulator

  1. Ensure you have Python 3 installed.
  2. Copy the code into a file named merkle_builder.py.
  3. Run it using python3 merkle_builder.py.

Technical Takeaways

  1. Double Hashing: Every step of the tree uses hash256 (SHA256 twice).
  2. Little-Endian Processing: Note that the script reverses the hex TXIDs ([::-1]) before hashing. This is because Bitcoin internally processes hashes in little-endian, but explorers show them in big-endian.
  3. The Loop: The while loop continues until only one hash (the Root) remains.

Congratulations! You have mastered the Merkle Root module. You now understand how Bitcoin compresses thousands of transactions into a single 32-byte cryptographic summary.

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